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Nursing Dissertation Services. Nursing Assignment Help. Nursing Essay Writing. Nursing Admission Essays. Nursing Research Papers. Buy Nursing Research Papers. Nursing Term Paper Writing. Nursing Coursework Help, custom essay services legal. Please discuss the significance of the free-rider problem as it relates to the concept of herd immunity. Is it possible to balance the rights of conscientious objectors to vaccination and immunization with a duty to protect public health and safety?
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NURS Legal And Ethical Issues In Nursing Jul 30, custom essay services legal, freelance Uncategorized, custom essay services legal. NURS Legal And Ethical Issues In Nursing NURS Legal And Ethical Issues In Nursing 1. How would Kelleher classify attempts to create a two-tiered healthcare system in Canada to help alleviate wait times?
Materials — Keatings, M. Toronto: Elsevier. Yeo et al. Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics 4th ed. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press. Fisher, J.
You should strive to use the terms employed by the authors, but be custom essay services legal to provide in-text citations for any quotes or paraphrases of their ideas, as well custom essay services legal a complete reference list at the end. Note that all citations and references must be in APA 7th Edition style along with page numbers.
Lesson Summary Codes of ethics have existed for thousands of years and have been used to ensure justice, enforce contracts, and provide a means of redress when individuals have been wronged.
Keatings and Adams cite the Babylonian Code of Custom essay services legal and the Hippocratic Oath, the latter of which is most likely familiar to you. The Ten Commandments are another example of an ethical code that has regulated the actions of Jews and Christians for more than two thousand years and are implicit in many of our laws and customs.
The Nuremberg Code, drafted in in response to the atrocities committed by Nazi physicians in World War II concentration camps, was one of the first codes that sought to limit the indignities to which human beings could be subjected in the name of scientific research. html During World War II, German physicians and scientists conducted a wide range of experiments on political prisoners, Jews, Russians, Roma, and homosexuals.
These studies fell into two broad categories. The second set of experiments was motivated by the exigencies of war. A well-known example was a series of experiments conducted to examine ways to revive pilots downed in the North Sea who had become hypothermic. These experiments involved the immersion of political prisoners in vats custom essay services legal ice water, in some cases until the custom essay services legal died.
The significance of the Nuremberg Code lies chiefly in the fact that it established, for the first time, the ethical requirement of obtaining informed consent from research participants before they are subjected to harmful treatments or experiments.
In the Willowbrook hepatitis study, custom essay services legal example, hundreds of intellectually disabled children at a state-run institution on Staten Island, New York, were fed a live hepatitis virus to observe their immune responses.
Hepatitis was already rampant at the school due to overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions Dr. Saul Krugman, the physician in charge of the study, proposed to use gamma globulin antibodies derived from hepatitis patients to foster immunity in the children at Willowbrook. More than children were involved in a series of studies.
In one study, Dr, custom essay services legal. Krugman and his colleagues gave newly admitted children protective antibodies but deliberately infected a subset of these children with hepatitis. The children who were deliberately infected with the virus had a mild reaction and fared better than those children who contracted hepatitis in the normal course of events at Willowbrook. As the study progressed Dr. Krugman and his colleagues noticed that the children exhibited different symptoms depending on which antibodies they were infected with.
This led to the realization that there were two strains of hepatitis, namely A and B, and that the latter was more difficult to transmit but frequently led to long-term i. Interestingly, Dr. Krugman and colleagues obtained oral and written consent from the parents of the children involved in the study. In many instances, however, parents were coerced into giving their consent. They were told that, due to overcrowding, no new patients would be admitted unless the parents gave consent for their children to participate in the study.
At the same time that Dr. Krugman and his colleagues at Willowbrook were conducting their experiment, Dr. Chester M. Southam was injecting live cultured cancer cells into the bodies custom essay services legal 22 elderly patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital JCDH in Brooklyn, New York.
Based on previous research conducted on prisoners at the Ohio State Penitentiary, Dr. Southam believed that the injection of live cancer cells posed no risk to research subjects and that their immune systems would eventually reject these cells. While Dr, custom essay services legal. Southam told them that they would be given injections to test their immune capacity. Prior to the start of the study, Dr. Southam and his assistant had asked three staff physicians at the JCDH to take part in the study and to help with the injection of the cancer cells.
All three refused on the grounds that the study was unethical and that Dr. Southam had failed to obtain proper informed consent.
When it was revealed that Dr. Southam of acting like the Nazi doctors who had been tried at Nuremberg in In Canada, in the custom essay services legal and s, a series of unethical psychiatric studies was carried out at the Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal. The experiments, funded by the U, custom essay services legal. S Central Intelligence Agency, were conducted by Dr.
Ewan Cameron, custom essay services legal, ironically one of the expert witnesses at the war crimes trials of German physicians after the Second World War.
Unwitting psychiatric patients were subjected to a variety of mind-control techniques, including psychic driving experiments in which they were drugged into unconsciousness for days or even weeks and exposed to a taped message repeated thousands of times, custom essay services legal.
Other patients were given large doses of LSD without their informed consent. Numerous patients suffered permanent psychological damage as a result of these studies, custom essay services legal. Perhaps the most notorious study in the United States was the so-called Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Running from untilcustom essay services legal, it remains the longest running research project ever funded by the U. Public Health Service. Operating on the hypothesis that syphilis may affect African Americans differently than European Americans, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study sought to document the natural history of untreated syphilis.
Approximately poor, relatively uneducated African Americans with syphilis were enrolled in the study in Tuskegee, Alabama. It remains controversial whether treatment for syphilis available in the s had an acceptable balance of benefits to harms. Penicillin was introduced in the late s and remains a safe and highly effective treatment for the disease.
From a moral perspective, one of the most fascinating characters of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study is nurse Rivers, an African-American nurse who played a key role as go-between for the predominantly white doctors who ran the study and the Custom essay services legal community from which research subjects were drawn, custom essay services legal.
Clearly, the success of the study in recruiting and retaining subjects was due, in large part, to the trust that the community placed in nurse Rivers. She saw the study as an extension of her public health work with this poor and under-serviced community. She believed that, custom essay services legal, by participating in the study, subjects had access to better health care than they would have obtained otherwise.
The degree to which she ought to be held morally responsible for the events of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study remains controversial. Francis Xavier University. All rights reserved. A number of international documents govern the conduct of human-subjects research.
The Nuremberg Code, as described in the preceding, articulates 10 principles for the conduct of such research. Recognizing the limitations of the Nuremberg Code, the World Medical Association wrote the first Declaration of Helsinki inthe most recent revision of which dates from Many countries have subsequently produced their custom essay services legal research ethics guidelines. Following the revelation of ethical problems with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the United States produced legislation governing the conduct of federally funded research in These regulations now cover research funded by 17 federal agencies, including the Public Health Service and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Umbrella guidelines covering research funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council are found in the Tri-Council Policy Statement released in In order to avoid exposing patients to harm and to preserve their human dignity nurses must act to ensure that informed consent to treatment is always obtained and that the vulnerable are protected, custom essay services legal.
On pagesKeatings and Adams set out a detailed, point ethical decision-making framework that can be used by both individuals and healthcare teams to address ethical problems and concerns.
The framework consists of the following steps: 1. Identify Problem or Issue Statement 2. Decide Who Should be Involved in the Discussion 3. Describe the Issue in Detail 4. Share Preliminary Perspectives on the Issue 5.
Explore Relevant Legal Factors 7.
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