Most recent reviews of epidemiology estimate a prevalence of one to two cases per 1, people for autism, and about six per 1, for autism spectrum disorder (ASD); because of inadequate data, these numbers may underestimate the true prevalence of ASD. ASD averages a male-to-female ratio. The number of children on the autism spectrum has increased dramatically since the s, at Cheap essay writing service. For professional homework help services, Assignment Essays is the place to be. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or help with any other assignments, someone is always available to help Apr 12, · Autism Speaks, a leading autism advocacy non-profit, defines autism as a group of complex disorders of brain development that is often referred to as autism, autism spectrum disorder or ASD. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors
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Diagnoses of autism have become more frequent since the s, which has led to various controversies about both the cause of autism and the nature of the diagnoses themselves. Whether autism has mainly a genetic or developmental causeand the degree of coincidence between autism and intellectual disabilityare all matters of current scientific controversy as well as inquiry.
There is also more sociopolitical debate as to whether autism should be considered a disability on its own. Most recent reviews of epidemiology estimate a prevalence of one to two cases per 1, people for autismand about six per 1, for autism spectrum disorder ASD ; [2] because of inadequate data, these numbers may underestimate the true prevalence of ASD.
The number of children on the autism spectrum has increased dramatically since the s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; [2] and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.
The role of genetic influence on ASD has been heavily researched over the past few years. ASD is considered to have polygenic traits since there is not a single risk factor, but multiple ones. Multiple twin and family studies have been conducted in order to observe any genetic essay autism spectrum disorder in diagnosing ASD.
The chance of both twins having ASD was significantly higher in identical twins than fraternal twins, concluding that ASD is heritable. De novo variants differ from person to person, i, essay autism spectrum disorder.
e one variant can cause ASD in one person, whereas another person would need multiple variants to cause the same disorder. Gut microbiome has a relation to ASD. Excessive Clostridia spp. was found in children with ASD and gastrointestinal difficulties; Clostridia spp produces propionic acidwhich is impaired or in excess in people with ASD [13] Specifically, C.
tetani and C. histolyticum are two species of this bacteria that affect people with ASD. tetani produces tetanus neurotoxin in the intestinal tract; C. histolyticum is a toxin producer that is abundant in people diagnosed with ASD. There is also controversy over the Nature vs. Nurture debate. According to family studies, genetic and environmental factors have an equal influence on risk of ASD. A later-retracted article from The Lancet making false claims provoked concern about vaccines among parents.
Its author was found to be on the payroll of litigants against vaccine manufacturers. The idea of a link between vaccines and autism was extensively investigated and shown to be false. Nevertheless, the anti-vaccination movement continues to promote myths, conspiracy theories and misinformation linking the two. A study suggested that Raven's Progressive Matrices RPMa essay autism spectrum disorder of abstract reasoning, may be a better indicator of intelligence for autistic children than the more commonly used Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WISC.
Researchers suspected that the WISC relied too heavily on language to be essay autism spectrum disorder accurate measure of intelligence for autistic individuals.
Their study revealed that the neurotypical children scored similarly on both tests, but the autistic children fared far better on the RPM than on the WISC. The RPM measures abstract, general and fluid reasoning, an ability autistic individuals have been presumed to lack, essay autism spectrum disorder. Facilitated communication is a scientifically discredited technique [27] that attempts to facilitate communication by people with severe educational and communication disabilities.
The facilitator holds or gently touches the disabled person's arm or hand during this process and attempts to help them move to type on a special keyboard. It was used by many hopeful parents of individuals with autism when it was first introduced during the early s by Douglas Biklena professor at Syracuse University. There is widespread agreement within the scientific community and multiple disability advocacy organizations that FC is not a valid technique for authentically augmenting the communication skills of those with essay autism spectrum disorder spectrum disorder.
Note that facilitated communication is separate and different from a range of scientifically-supported augmentative and alternative communication AAC devices and processes that facilitate communication for people with communication difficulties. There are two major conceptualizations of autism within autism advocacy. Those who favour the pathology paradigm, which aligns essay autism spectrum disorder the medical model of disabilityessay autism spectrum disorder, see autism as a disorder to be treated or cured.
Those who favor the pathology paradigm argue that atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are detrimental and should therefore be reduced or eliminated through behavior modification therapies. Their advocacy efforts focus primarily on medical research to identify genetic and environmental risk factors in autism.
Those who favour the neurodiversity paradigm, which aligns with the social model of disabilityessay autism spectrum disorder, see autism as a naturally-occurring variation in the brain. Neurodiversity advocates argue that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer, but instead to essay autism spectrum disorder antiquated notion of curing left-handedness.
Their advocacy efforts focus primarily on acceptance, accommodation, and support for autistic people as "neuro-minorities" in society. The pathology paradigm is the traditional view of autism through a biomedical lensin which it is seen as a disorder characterized by essay autism spectrum disorder impairments, mainly in communication and social interaction.
Advocates with this view include both autistic adults and parents of autistic children, but contain a higher percentage of parents when compared to those adopting the neurodiversity paradigm.
In addition to etiological research, other areas of focus may include biology, diagnosis, and treatment, including medication, behavioural and psychological interventions, and the treatment of co-existing medical conditions. Advocacy groups that focus primarily on medical research include Autism Speaksthe Autism Science Foundationand its predecessor organizations, the Autism Coalition for Research and Education, the National Alliance for Autism Researchand Cure Autism Nowand the former Autism Research Institute.
The neurodiversity paradigm is a view of autism as a different way of being rather than as a disease or disorder that must be cured. There is no leader of the neurodiversity movement and little academic research has been conducted on it as a social phenomenon. Neurodiversity advocates are opposed to medical research for a cure, believing that it will lead to eugenics, and instead support research that helps autistic people thrive as they are.
Although the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 has more specificity, it also has reports of more limited sensitivity, essay autism spectrum disorder. Owing to the changes to the DSM and the lessening of sensitivity, there is the possibility that individuals who were diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders ASD using the fourth revision DSM-IV-TR will not receive the same diagnosis with the DSM From the individuals that were evaluated, 39 percent of the samples that were diagnosed with an ASD using the DSM-IV-TR criteria did not meet the DSM-5 criteria for that disorder.
It was likely that individuals that exhibited higher cognitive functioning and had other disorders, such as Asperger's or PDD-NOS, were completely excluded from the criteria. Also, it is more probable that younger children who do not exhibit the entirety of the symptoms and characteristics of ASD are more at risk of being excluded by the new criteria since they could have Asperger's, as Asperger's does not usually show symptoms until later in childhood.
Because the onset age is different in Asperger's from autism, grouping together the disorders does not typically allow or distinguish the differentiating ages of onset, which essay autism spectrum disorder problematic in diagnosing. It is evident, through the various studies, that the number of people being diagnosed will be significantly diminished as well, which is prominently due to the DSM-5's new criteria. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Autism rights movement Philosophy.
Bodily autonomy Disability rights movement Independent living movement Neurodiversity paradigm Self-advocacy, essay autism spectrum disorder. Ableism Anti-autism All in a Row Applied behavior analysis Augmentative and alternative communication Autism-friendly Autism Speaks Communication Shutdown Community integration Controversies in autism Deinstitutionalisation Disability-selective abortion Ethical challenges to autism treatment Eugenics Facilitated communication Filicide Inclusion in education Inclusion as a right Judge Rotenberg Educational Center Ole Ivar Lovaas Social model of disability Societal and cultural aspects of autism Essay autism spectrum disorder Design for Learning, essay autism spectrum disorder.
Mel Baggs Simon Baron-Cohen Julia Bascom Lydia Brown William Davenport Michelle Dawson govy Temple Grandin Roy Richard Grinker Morénike Giwa-Onaiwu Daniel Lightwing Thomas A. McKean Ari Ne'eman Shain Neumeier Alex Plank John Elder Robison Stephen Shore Steve Silberman Jim Sinclair Donna Williams. Citizen Autistic Loving Lampposts Neurotypical.
Pro-cure perspective National Council on Severe Autism Matthew Belmonte Manuel Casanova Jill Escher Michael Fitzpatrick Bruce Hall David Miedzianik Jonathan Mitchell Jonathan Shestack Alison Singer. Main article: Epidemiology of autism. Further information: Heritability of autism. Main article: Vaccines and autism.
Further information: Facilitated communication. Further information: Autism rights movement. Essay autism spectrum disorder article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages.
This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and essay autism spectrum disorder. Find sources: "Controversies in autism" — news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR May This article is written like a personal reflection, essay autism spectrum disorder, personal essay, essay autism spectrum disorder, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original essay autism spectrum disorder about a topic.
Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style, essay autism spectrum disorder. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. The Lancet Neurology. doi : ISSN S2CID Annual Review of Public Health. PMID Archives of Disease in Childhood.
Acta Paediatrica. The British Journal of Psychiatry, essay autism spectrum disorder. PMC Current Opinion in Pediatrics. Comptes Rendus Biologies. Nature Reviews, essay autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience.
Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. Lay summary — BBC News Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. The Guardian. Retrieved February 2, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
VIDEO ESSAY - The Depiction of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Film
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Cheap essay writing service. For professional homework help services, Assignment Essays is the place to be. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or help with any other assignments, someone is always available to help The purpose of this research was to identify effective strategies for dealing with repetitive motions identified in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Based on the analysis conveyed, it can be concluded that there are multiple behavior modification therapies important for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition diagnosed on the basis of impairments in socialization and social communication, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors, 1 is estimated to affect 1 in 88 in school age children. 2 Emerging consensus indicates that ASD involves disruptions in connectivity and processing across brain regions. 3 Thus,
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