Art & Design resources and Threshold Concepts for art educators and students How to Mind Map Start in the center: To make a mind map, start by writing the subject of your map in the center of a blank piece of paper or digital canvas. The subject can be a single keyword, an image, a question, or a problem that you’re trying to solve Nov 27, · Putting together an essay requires some planning. A mind map can help break down broad ideas into specific topics, leading into arguments and then supporting points. It’ll also be much easier to compare arguments, and keep them from overlapping, but also remain related. 9. An alternative approach to studying for exams
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Could a machine think? Could the mind itself be a thinking machine? The computer revolution transformed discussion of these questions, offering our best prospects yet for machines that emulate reasoning, decision-making, problem solving, perception, linguistic comprehension, and other mental processes. Advances in computing raise the prospect that the mind itself is a computational system—a position known as the computational theory of mind CTM.
Computationalists are researchers who endorse CTM, at least as applied to certain important mental processes. CTM played a central role within cognitive science during the s and s. For many years, it enjoyed orthodox status. More recently, it has come under pressure from various rival paradigms. The intuitive notions of computation and algorithm are central to mathematics. Roughly speaking, an algorithm is an explicit, step-by-step procedure for answering some question or solving some problem.
An algorithm provides routine mechanical instructions dictating how to proceed at each step. Obeying the instructions requires no special ingenuity or creativity. For example, the familiar grade-school algorithms describe how to compute addition, multiplication, and division. Until the early twentieth century, mathematicians relied upon informal notions of computation and algorithm without attempting anything like a formal analysis, mind map essay.
Developments in the foundations of mathematics eventually impelled logicians to pursue a more systematic treatment. A Turing machine is an abstract model of an idealized computing device with unlimited time and storage space at its disposal. The device manipulates symbolsmuch as a human computing agent manipulates pencil marks on paper during arithmetical computation.
Turing says very little about the nature of symbols. He assumes that primitive symbols are drawn from a mind map essay alphabet. Turing translates this informal description into a rigorous mathematical model. For more details, see the entry on Turing machines. Turing motivates his approach by reflecting on idealized human computing agents.
Citing finitary limits on our perceptual and cognitive apparatus, he argues that any symbolic algorithm mind map essay by a human can be replicated by a suitable Turing machine. He concludes that the Turing machine formalism, despite its extreme simplicity, is powerful enough to capture all humanly executable mechanical procedures over symbolic configurations. Subsequent discussants have almost universally agreed.
Turing computation is often described as digital rather than analog. What this means is not always so clear, but the basic idea is usually that computation operates over discrete configurations. By comparison, many historically important algorithms operate over continuously variable configurations.
For example, Euclidean geometry assigns a large role to ruler-and-compass constructionswhich manipulate geometric shapes. For any shape, one can mind map essay another that differs to an arbitrarily small extent, mind map essay.
Symbolic configurations manipulated by a Turing machine do not differ to arbitrarily small extent. Turing machines operate over discrete strings of elements digits drawn from a finite alphabet, mind map essay. One recurring controversy concerns whether the digital paradigm is well-suited to model mental activity or whether an analog paradigm would instead be more fitting MacLennan ; Piccinini and Bahar Besides introducing Turing machines, Turing proved several seminal mathematical results involving them, mind map essay.
In particular, he proved the mind map essay of a universal Turing machine UTM. Roughly speaking, a UTM is a Turing machine that can mimic any other Turing machine. One provides the UTM with a symbolic input that codes the machine table for Turing machine M.
In that sense, the UTM is a programmable general purpose computer. To a first approximation, mind map essay, all personal computers mind map essay also general purpose: they can mimic any Turing machine, when suitably programmed. The main caveat is that physical computers have finite memory, whereas a Turing machine has unlimited memory. More accurately, then, a personal computer can mimic any Turing machine until it exhausts its limited memory supply.
As we know, computer scientists can now build extremely sophisticated computing machines, mind map essay. Rapid progress in computer science prompted many, including Turing, to contemplate whether we could build a computer capable of thought. More precisely, mind map essay, it aims to construct computing machines that execute core mental tasks mind map essay as reasoning, decision-making, problem solving, and so on.
During the s and s, mind map essay, this goal came to seem increasingly realistic Haugeland Early AI research emphasized logic. A famous mind map essay was the Logic Theorist computer program Newell and Simonwhich proved 38 of the first 52 theorems from Principia Mathematica Whitehead and Russell Early success of this kind stimulated enormous interest inside and outside the academy. Many researchers predicted that intelligent machines were only a few years away.
Obviously, these predictions have not been fulfilled. Intelligent robots do not yet walk among us. Even relatively low-level mental processes such as perception vastly exceed the capacities of current computer programs.
Nevertheless, the decades have witnessed gradual progress. Another major success was the driverless car Stanley Thrun, Montemerlo, Dahlkamp, mind map essay, et al. A less flashy success story is the vast improvement in speech recognition algorithms.
One problem that dogged early work in AI is uncertainty. Nearly all reasoning and decision-making operates under conditions of uncertainty. For example, mind map essay may need to decide whether to go on a picnic while being uncertain whether it will rain. Bayesian decision theory is the standard mathematical model of inference and decision-making under uncertainty.
Uncertainty is codified through probability. Precise rules dictate how to update probabilities in light of new evidence and how to select actions in light of probabilities and utilities. In the s and s, mind map essay, technological and conceptual developments enabled efficient computer programs that implement or approximate Bayesian inference in realistic scenarios.
An explosion of Bayesian AI ensued Thrun, Burgard, and Foxincluding the aforementioned advances in speech recognition and driverless vehicles. Tractable algorithms that handle uncertainty are a major achievement of contemporary AI Murphyand possibly a harbinger of more impressive future progress.
Some philosophers insist that computers, no matter how sophisticated they become, will at best mimic rather than replicate thought. A computer simulation of the weather does not really rain. A mind map essay simulation of flight does not really fly. Even if a computing system could simulate mental activity, why suspect that it would constitute the genuine article?
Turing mind map essay these worries and tried to defuse them. He proposed a scenario, now called the Turing Testwhere one evaluates whether an unseen interlocutor is a computer or a human.
A computer passes the Turing test if one cannot determine that it is a computer, mind map essay. Ned Block offers an influential critique. He argues that certain possible machines pass the Turing test even though these machines do not come close to genuine thought or intelligence. For more on AI, see the entry logic and artificial intelligence, mind map essay.
For much more detail, see Russell and Norvig Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts first suggested that something resembling the Turing machine might provide a good model for the mind.
In the s, Turing computation became central to the emerging interdisciplinary initiative cognitive sciencemind map essay, which studies the mind by drawing upon psychology, computer science especially AIlinguistics, philosophy, economics especially game theory and behavioral economicsanthropology, and neuroscience. The label classical computational theory of mind which we will abbreviate as CCTM is now fairly standard. According to CCTM, the mind is a computational system similar in important respects to a Turing machine, and core mental processes e.
These formulations are imprecise. CCTM is best seen as a family of views, rather than a single well-defined view. This description is doubly misleading. As Chalmers also notes, one need not claim that the mind map essay is programmable simply because one regards it as a Turing-style computational system, mind map essay. Most Turing machines are not programmable. The point here is not just terminological.
Critics of CCTM often object that the mind is not a programmable general purpose computer Churchland, Koch, and Sejnowski Since classical computationalists need not claim and usually do not claim that the mind is a programmable general purpose computer, the objection is misdirected.
Second, CCTM is not intended metaphorically. CCTM does not simply hold that the mind is like a computing system. CCTM holds that the mind literally is a computing system. Of course, the most familiar artificial computing systems are made from mind map essay chips or similar materials, whereas the human body is made from flesh and blood. But CCTM holds that this difference disguises a more fundamental similarity, which we can capture through a Turing-style computational model.
In offering such a model, we prescind from physical details. We attain mind map essay abstract computational description that could be physically implemented in diverse ways e.
CCTM holds that a suitable abstract computational model offers a literally true description of core mental processes. The formalism seems too restrictive in several ways:. Hilary Putnam introduced CCTM into philosophy. He contrasted his position with logical behaviorism and type-identity theory. Each position purports to reveal the nature of mental states, including propositional attitudes e.
How I ranked 1st at Cambridge University - The Essay Memorisation Framework
, time: 17:525 Ways to Make a Mind Map - wikiHow
The central idea is the starting point of your Mind Map and represents the topic you are going to explore. This should be in the center of your page and can include an image or colour that fits with your Mind Map’s topic. This draws attention and triggers associations, as our brains respond better to visual stimuli How to Mind Map Start in the center: To make a mind map, start by writing the subject of your map in the center of a blank piece of paper or digital canvas. The subject can be a single keyword, an image, a question, or a problem that you’re trying to solve Oct 16, · Advances in computing raise the prospect that the mind itself is a computational system—a position known as the computational theory of mind (CTM). Computationalists are researchers who endorse CTM, at least as applied to certain important mental processes
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