Research paper on genetically modified food

Research paper on genetically modified food

Impacts of Genetically-Modified Crops and Seeds on Farmers Prepared by David Kruft, Legal Research Assistant November I. Introduction The agriculture industry has traditionally been supportive of technological advancement, particularly in the field of genetic crop improvement.1 For decades, the industry has been Oct 13,  · Despite such discord, genetically modified (GM) crops have the fastest adoption rate of any new technology in global agriculture simply because farmers benefit directly from higher yields and lowered production costs. (See Table 1.) To date, the two most prevalent GM crops traits are Btderived insect resistance and herbicide resistance Genetically modified maize is a genetically modified blogger.comic maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally-desirable traits, including resistance to pests and to blogger.com strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other

A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops

Genetically modified maize corn is a genetically modified crop. Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally-desirable traitsincluding resistance to pests and to herbicides.

Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and research paper on genetically modified food on other plants via gene flow. One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US but was found in food, research paper on genetically modified food, leading to a series of recalls starting in Corn varieties resistant to glyphosate herbicides were first commercialized in by Monsantoand are known as "Roundup Ready Corn".

They tolerate the use of Roundup. As ofresearch paper on genetically modified food, herbicide-resistant GM corn was grown in 14 countries. Bt corn is a variant of maize research paper on genetically modified food has been genetically altered to express one or more proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis [8] including Delta endotoxins.

The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in organic gardening[9] although GM corn is not considered organic. The European corn borer causes about a billion dollars in damage to corn crops each research paper on genetically modified food. In recent years, traits have been added to ward off corn ear worms and root wormsthe latter of which annually causes research paper on genetically modified food a billion dollars in damages.

The Bt protein is expressed throughout the plant. When a vulnerable insect eats the Bt-containing plant, the protein is activated in its gutwhich is alkaline. In the alkaline environment, the protein partially unfolds and is cut by other proteins, forming a toxin that paralyzes the insect's digestive system and forms holes in the gut wall.

The insect stops eating within a few hours and eventually starves. Inthe first GM maize producing a Bt Cry protein was approved, which killed the European research paper on genetically modified food borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae. The Philippine Government has promoted Bt corn, hoping for insect resistance and higher yields. Approved Bt genes include single and stacked event names bracketed configurations of: Cry1A.

In a study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops. Data from before Bt corn was widespread was compared to data after it was adopted They examined levels of the European corn borer and corn earworm.

Their larvae eat a variety of crops, including peppers and green beans. Between andthe amount of insecticide applied to New Jersey pepper fields decreased by 85 percent. Another factor was the introduction of more effective pesticides that were applied less often. In Monsanto launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids called DroughtGard.

Research has been done on adding a single E. coli gene to maize to enable it to be grown with an essential amino acid methionine. In regular corn crops, insects promote fungal colonization by creating "wounds," or holes, in corn kernels. These wounds are favored by fungal spores for germinationresearch paper on genetically modified food, which subsequently leads to mycotoxin accumulation in the crop that can research paper on genetically modified food carcinogenic and toxic to humans and other animals.

This can prove to be especially devastating in developing countries with drastic climate patterns such as high temperatures, which favor the development of toxic fungi. In addition, higher mycotoxin levels leads to market rejection or reduced market prices for the grain. GM corn crops encounter fewer insect attacks, and thus, have lower concentrations of mycotoxins.

Fewer insect attacks also keep corn ears from being damaged, which increases overall yields. InSouth African researchers announced the production of transgenic maize resistant to maize streak virus MSValthough it has not been released as a product. While breeding cultivars for resistance to MSV isn't done in the public, the private sector, international research centers, and national programmes have done all of the breeding.

As ofthere have been a few MSV-tolerant cultivars released in Africa. A private company Seedco has released 5 MSV cultivars. The theory behind these refuges is to slow the evolution of resistance to the pesticide.

EPA regulations also require seed companies to train farmers how to maintain refuges, to collect data on the refuges and to report that data to the EPA.

Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in —, because of the overall reduction of pest populations. This reduction came because females laid eggs on modified and unmodified strains alike. Seed bags containing both Bt and refuge seed have been approved by the EPA in the United States.

These seed mixtures were marketed as "Refuge in a Bag" RIB to increase farmer compliance with refuge requirements and reduce additional work needed at planting from having separate Bt and refuge seed bags on hand.

This strategy is likely to reduce the likelihood of Bt-resistance occurring for corn rootwormbut may increase the risk of resistance for lepidopteran pests, such as European corn borer. Increased concerns for resistance with seed mixtures include partially resistant larvae on a Bt plant being able to move to a susceptible plant to survive or cross pollination of refuge pollen on to Bt plants that can lower the amount of Bt expressed in kernels for ear feeding insects. Resistant strains of the European corn borer have developed in areas with defective or absent refuge management.

In NovemberMonsanto scientists found the pink bollworm had become resistant to first-generation Bt cotton in parts of GujaratIndia — that generation expresses one Bt gene, Cry1Ac, research paper on genetically modified food.

This was the first instance of Bt resistance confirmed by Monsanto anywhere in the world. Regulation of GM crops varies between countries, with some of the most-marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on research paper on genetically modified food uses.

There is a scientific consensus [42] [43] [44] [45] that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction.

The scientific rigor of the studies regarding human health has been disputed due to alleged lack of independence and due to conflicts of interest involving governing bodies and some of those who perform and evaluate the studies. GM crops provide a number of ecological benefits, but there are also concerns for their overuse, stalled research outside of the Bt seed industry, proper management and issues with Bt resistance arising from their misuse. Critics have objected to GM crops on ecological, economic and health grounds.

The economic issues derive from those organisms that are subject to intellectual property law, research paper on genetically modified food, mostly patents.

The first generation of GM crops lose patent protection beginning in Monsanto has claimed it will not pursue farmers who research paper on genetically modified food seeds of off-patent varieties. Critics claim that Bt proteins could target predatory and other beneficial or harmless insects as well as the targeted pest.

These proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since and the USA since with no ill effects on the environment reported. Any organism that lacks the appropriate gut receptors cannot be affected by the cry protein, and therefore Bt.

A study found that in a lab environment, pollen from Bt maize dusted onto milkweed could harm the monarch butterfly. However, in comparison with insecticide-free control fields, certain nontarget taxa are less abundant in Bt fields.

Concerns focus on the interaction between GM and other maize varieties in Mexico, and of gene flow into refuges. In the government of Mexico created a regulatory pathway for genetically modified maize, [86] but because Mexico is the center of diversity for maize, gene flow could affect a large fraction of the world's maize strains. Nature later stated, "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper". A study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn.

Ina large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico" [94]. The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the Vendômois et al.

study and concluded that it "presents no admissible scientific element likely to ascribe any haematological, hepatic or renal toxicity to the three re-analysed GMOs. A review by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and others of the same study concluded that the results were due to chance alone. A Canadian study looked at the presence of CryAb1 protein BT toxin in non-pregnant women, pregnant women and fetal blood. The paper was research paper on genetically modified food to be unconvincing by multiple authors and organizations.

In Januarythe European Food Safety Authority released all data submitted by Monsanto in relation to the authorisation of maize genetically modified for glyphosate tolerance. StarLink contains Cry9C, which had not previously been used in a GM crop. StarLink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans in the US, Japan, and South Korea. Sales of StarLink seed were discontinued. Pioneer had been bought by AgrEvo which then became Aventis CropScience at the time of the incident, [] : 15—16 which was later bought by Bayer.

Fifty-one people reported adverse effects to the FDA; US Centers for Disease Control CDCwhich determined that 28 of them were possibly related to Starlink. A subsequent review of these tests by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel points out that while "the negative results decrease the probability that the Cry9C protein is the cause of allergic symptoms in the individuals examined in the absence of a positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this.

The US corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the Starlink Bt proteins since Inaid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn.

The nations involved, Nicaragua, research paper on genetically modified food, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid. On 19 December six Chinese citizens were indicted in Iowa on charges of plotting to steal genetically modified seeds worth tens of millions of dollars from Monsanto and DuPont.

Mo Hailong, research paper on genetically modified food of international business at the Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group Co. Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J May Environment International. doi : PMID In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, research paper on genetically modified food, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products mainly maize and soybeans are as safe and nutritious as the respective research paper on genetically modified food non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed.

Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, research paper on genetically modified food, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.

Krimsky S S2CID I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.

FSA Explains: Genetically Modified Food

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Genetically Modified Corn— Environmental Benefits and Risks

Oct 13,  · Despite such discord, genetically modified (GM) crops have the fastest adoption rate of any new technology in global agriculture simply because farmers benefit directly from higher yields and lowered production costs. (See Table 1.) To date, the two most prevalent GM crops traits are Btderived insect resistance and herbicide resistance Nov 03,  · Background Despite the rapid adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops by farmers in many countries, controversies about this technology continue. Uncertainty about GM crop impacts is one reason for widespread public suspicion. Objective We carry out a meta-analysis of the agronomic and economic impacts of GM crops to consolidate the evidence Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, as pets and as a food source. Aquaculture is a growing industry, currently providing over half the consumed fish worldwide. [] Through genetic engineering it is possible to increase growth rates, reduce food intake, remove allergenic properties, increase cold tolerance and provide